Debian Cobbler如何快速搭建服务器

Prerequisites
Before starting, ensure your Debian server meets the following requirements:

• At least 1GB RAM and 10GB free disk space.
• Internet access to download the Cobbler package and Debian ISO.
• A static IP address for the Cobbler server (e.g., 192.168.1.100).
• Basic knowledge of Debian command-line operations.

Step 1: Install Cobbler and Dependencies
Update your package list and install Cobbler along with required components (DHCP, TFTP, HTTP, and xinetd):

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install cobbler cobbler-web dhcp3-server tftpd-hpa xinetd apache2 -y

This installs Cobbler, the DHCP/TFTP servers, Apache (for web access), and xinetd (to manage TFTP).

Step 2: Configure DHCP for PXE Boot
Edit the DHCP configuration file to enable PXE booting. Open /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf in a text editor:

sudo nano /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

Add the following block (replace placeholders with your network details):

subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
    
    range 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.200;
              # Dynamic IP range for clients
    option routers 192.168.1.1;
                     # Default gateway
    option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4;
     # DNS servers
    filename "pxelinux.0";
                            # PXE boot loader file
    next-server 192.168.1.100;
                    # Cobbler server IP
}
    

Save the file and exit. Then, specify the DHCP interface (e.g., eth0) by editing /etc/default/isc-dhcp-server:

sudo nano /etc/default/isc-dhcp-server

Change INTERFACESv4="" to INTERFACESv4="eth0". Restart the DHCP service to apply changes:

sudo systemctl restart isc-dhcp-server

Step 3: Configure TFTP for Network Boot Files
Edit the TFTP configuration file to set the root directory for boot files:

sudo nano /etc/xinetd.d/tftp

Modify the server_args line to point to /var/lib/tftpboot (the default TFTP directory):

server_args = -s /var/lib/tftpboot

Disable TFTP in the Cobbler settings (since we’re manually configuring it):

sudo sed -i 's/manage_tftpd:.*/manage_tftpd: 0/' /etc/cobbler/settings

Restart the xinetd service to apply TFTP changes:

sudo systemctl restart xinetd

Step 4: Configure Cobbler Settings
Edit the main Cobbler configuration file to set the server IP and enable DHCP management:

sudo nano /etc/cobbler/settings

Update the following lines (replace 192.168.1.100 with your Cobbler server’s IP):

server: 192.168.1.100
next_server: 192.168.1.100
manage_dhcp: 1  # Let Cobbler manage the DHCP template

Save the file and run cobbler check to verify configurations. Fix any reported issues (e.g., missing directories).

Step 5: Import Debian OS Image
Download a Debian ISO (e.g., Debian 12 Bookworm) and import it into Cobbler. Create a directory for the ISO and mount it:

sudo mkdir -p /mnt/debian
sudo mount -o loop /path/to/debian-12.11.0-amd64-DVD-1.iso /mnt/debian

Import the ISO using Cobbler (replace debian-12 with your desired profile name):

sudo cobbler import --path=/mnt/debian --name=debian-12

Unmount the ISO after import:

sudo umount /mnt/debian

This creates a “distro” (operating system image) and a default “profile” (kickstart configuration) for Debian.

Step 6: Customize Kickstart for Automated Installation
Debian uses preseed files for automated installations. Copy the default preseed template to a writable directory:

sudo cp /var/lib/cobbler/templates/debian.seed /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/debian-12.seed

Edit the preseed file to customize installation parameters (e.g., root password, network settings, packages). Here’s a basic example:

### Localization
d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US.UTF-8
d-i keyboard-configuration/xkb-keymap select us

### Network Configuration
d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto
d-i netcfg/get_hostname string debian-server
d-i netcfg/get_domain string local

### Mirror Settings
d-i mirror/country string manual
d-i mirror/http/hostname string deb.debian.org
d-i mirror/http/directory string /debian
d-i mirror/http/proxy string

### Account Setup
d-i passwd/root-login boolean true
d-i passwd/root-password password your_root_password
d-i passwd/root-password-again password your_root_password
d-i user-setup/allow-password-weak boolean true

### Clock and Time Zone
d-i time/zone string UTC
d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true

### Partitioning
d-i partman-auto/method string regular
d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true
d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true
d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true
d-i partman/choose_partition select finish
d-i partman/confirm boolean true
d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true

### Package Selection
tasksel tasksel/first multiselect standard, ssh-server
d-i pkgsel/include string vim, curl, wget

Save the file. This preseed file will automate most of the Debian installation process.

Step 7: Create a Cobbler System Profile
Link the imported distro (Debian 12) to a system profile and assign a static IP or MAC address. Run:

sudo cobbler profile add --name=debian-12-profile --distro=debian-12-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/debian-12.seed

To assign a specific MAC address (e.g., 00:11:22:33:44:55) to the profile (replace with your client’s MAC):

sudo cobbler system add --name=debian-client-1 --profile=debian-12-profile --mac=00:11:22:33:44:55

Enable PXE boot for the system:

sudo cobbler system edit --name=debian-client-1 --netboot-enabled=true

Sync Cobbler to apply all changes:

sudo cobbler sync

Step 8: Start Cobbler Services and Enable Booting
Start all Cobbler-related services and enable them to start on boot:

sudo systemctl enable cobblerd apache2 dhcp3-server xinetd
sudo systemctl start cobblerd apache2 dhcp3-server xinetd

Verify that all services are running:

sudo systemctl status cobblerd apache2 dhcp3-server xinetd

You should see “active (running)” for each service.

Step 9: Test PXE Boot on a Client
Connect a client machine to the same network as the Cobbler server. Set the client’s BIOS/UEFI to boot from the network (PXE) first. Save the settings and restart the client.
The client should:

1. Obtain an IP from the Cobbler server’s DHCP.
2. Download the PXE boot loader (pxelinux.0) from the TFTP server.
3. Load the Debian kernel and initrd from the Cobbler server.
4. Start the automated installation using the preseed file.

The client will automatically install Debian 12 with the specified configuration (root password, packages, etc.).

Troubleshooting Tips

• If the client doesn’t PXE boot, check the BIOS/UEFI boot order (network must be first).
• Verify DHCP is working: run sudo dhcpd -t to test the configuration.
• Check TFTP accessibility: ensure /var/lib/tftpboot has the correct permissions (drwxr-xr-x).
• Review Cobbler logs (/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log) for errors.
• Test the preseed file by manually booting a client and selecting the “Rescue mode” to see if it automates the installation.

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