C++在Linux下如何进行进程间通信
导读:在Linux下,C++可以通过多种方式实现进程间通信(IPC),以下是一些常用的IPC方法: 1. 管道(Pipes) 管道是一种半双工的通信方式,通常用于父子进程之间的通信。 无名管道(Anonymous Pipes) #include...
在Linux下,C++可以通过多种方式实现进程间通信(IPC),以下是一些常用的IPC方法:
1. 管道(Pipes)
管道是一种半双工的通信方式,通常用于父子进程之间的通信。
无名管道(Anonymous Pipes)
#include <
iostream>
#include <
unistd.h>
#include <
sys/types.h>
#include <
sys/wait.h>
int main() {
int pipefd[2];
pid_t pid;
char buffer[256];
// 创建管道
if (pipe(pipefd) == -1) {
perror("pipe");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
pid = fork();
if (pid == -1) {
perror("fork");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (pid == 0) {
// 子进程
close(pipefd[1]);
// 关闭写端
read(pipefd[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer));
std::cout <
<
"Child received: " <
<
buffer <
<
std::endl;
close(pipefd[0]);
}
else {
// 父进程
close(pipefd[0]);
// 关闭读端
const char* message = "Hello from parent";
write(pipefd[1], message, strlen(message) + 1);
close(pipefd[1]);
wait(NULL);
// 等待子进程结束
}
return 0;
}
命名管道(Named Pipes, FIFOs)
#include <
iostream>
#include <
sys/types.h>
#include <
sys/stat.h>
#include <
fcntl.h>
#include <
unistd.h>
int main() {
const char* fifo_name = "/tmp/myfifo";
int fd;
char buffer[256];
// 创建命名管道
if (mkfifo(fifo_name, 0666) == -1) {
perror("mkfifo");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
fd = open(fifo_name, O_RDWR);
if (fd == -1) {
perror("open");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// 写入数据
const char* message = "Hello from FIFO";
write(fd, message, strlen(message) + 1);
// 读取数据
read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
std::cout <
<
"Received: " <
<
buffer <
<
std::endl;
close(fd);
unlink(fifo_name);
// 删除命名管道
return 0;
}
2. 消息队列(Message Queues)
消息队列允许进程以消息的形式交换数据。
#include <
iostream>
#include <
sys/types.h>
#include <
sys/ipc.h>
#include <
sys/msg.h>
#include <
cstring>
struct msg_buffer {
long mtype;
char mtext[100];
}
;
int main() {
key_t key = ftok("msgqueue_example.c", 65);
int msgid = msgget(key, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (msgid == -1) {
perror("msgget");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
msg_buffer buffer;
buffer.mtype = 1;
strcpy(buffer.mtext, "Hello from message queue");
// 发送消息
if (msgsnd(msgid, &
buffer, sizeof(buffer.mtext), 0) == -1) {
perror("msgsnd");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// 接收消息
if (msgrcv(msgid, &
buffer, sizeof(buffer.mtext), 1, 0) == -1) {
perror("msgrcv");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
std::cout <
<
"Received message: " <
<
buffer.mtext <
<
std::endl;
msgctl(msgid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
// 删除消息队列
return 0;
}
3. 共享内存(Shared Memory)
共享内存是最快的IPC机制之一,因为它避免了数据的复制。
#include <
iostream>
#include <
sys/types.h>
#include <
sys/ipc.h>
#include <
sys/shm.h>
#include <
cstring>
int main() {
key_t key = ftok("shm_example.c", 65);
int shmid = shmget(key, 1024, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (shmid == -1) {
perror("shmget");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
char* str = (char*) shmat(shmid, (void*)0, 0);
if (str == (char*)(-1)) {
perror("shmat");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
strcpy(str, "Hello from shared memory");
std::cout <
<
"Message written in memory: " <
<
str <
<
std::endl;
shmdt(str);
// 分离共享内存
// 删除共享内存
shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, NULL);
return 0;
}
4. 信号量(Semaphores)
信号量用于进程同步,防止多个进程同时访问共享资源。
#include <
iostream>
#include <
sys/types.h>
#include <
sys/ipc.h>
#include <
sys/sem.h>
#include <
unistd.h>
union semun {
int val;
struct semid_ds *buf;
unsigned short *array;
}
;
int main() {
key_t key = ftok("semaphore_example.c", 65);
int semid = semget(key, 1, 0666 | IPC_CREAT);
if (semid == -1) {
perror("semget");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
union semun arg;
arg.val = 1;
// 初始化信号量为1
if (semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, arg) == -1) {
perror("semctl");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// P操作(等待信号量)
struct sembuf sb = {
0, -1, SEM_UNDO}
;
if (semop(semid, &
sb, 1) == -1) {
perror("semop");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
std::cout <
<
"Semaphore P operation completed" <
<
std::endl;
// V操作(释放信号量)
sb.sem_op = 1;
if (semop(semid, &
sb, 1) == -1) {
perror("semop");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
std::cout <
<
"Semaphore V operation completed" <
<
std::endl;
semctl(semid, 0, IPC_RMID);
// 删除信号量
return 0;
}
5. 套接字(Sockets)
套接字是一种通用的IPC机制,不仅限于本地进程间通信,还可以用于网络通信。
Unix Domain Sockets
#include <
iostream>
#include <
sys/types.h>
#include <
sys/socket.h>
#include <
sys/un.h>
#include <
unistd.h>
#include <
string.h>
int main() {
struct sockaddr_un addr;
int sockfd, connfd;
char buffer[1024];
sockfd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sockfd == -1) {
perror("socket");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
memset(&
addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
strncpy(addr.sun_path, "/tmp/unix_socket", sizeof(addr.sun_path) - 1);
unlink("/tmp/unix_socket");
// 删除已存在的套接字文件
if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)&
addr, sizeof(addr)) == -1) {
perror("bind");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (listen(sockfd, 5) == -1) {
perror("listen");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
connfd = accept(sockfd, NULL, NULL);
if (connfd == -1) {
perror("accept");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
read(connfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
std::cout <
<
"Received: " <
<
buffer <
<
std::endl;
close(connfd);
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
这些是Linux下C++常用的进程间通信方法。每种方法都有其适用的场景和优缺点,选择合适的方法取决于具体的需求。
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